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　　Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the experiment of Frederick in the thirteenth century, it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent.

　　All the infants died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected.

　　Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If there sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly at the right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed.

　　Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed order and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months they can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to five words. At three he knows about 1,000 words, which he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar.

　　Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak. What is special about man’s brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern “toy bear”. And even more incredible is the young brain’s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.

　　But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the signals in the children’s babbling(咿呀声),grasping and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the child’s nonverbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language.

　　1.The writer mentioned the experiment of Frederick to ( ).

　　A. support his idea

　　B. introduce his topic

　　C. describe a new finding

　　D. give an example of his theory

　　【答案】B。根据题干关键词人名Frederick定位到首段Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the experiment of Frederick in the thirteenth century, it may be.可知语言是否和食物一样是人类的基本需求?通过介绍Frederick的实验引出下文论述。选项A：支持他的看法，并不是作者引出Frederick实验的目的;选项B：提出他的议题，通过全文浏览可知后半部分是对这个议题的阐述;选项C：描述一项新的发现，未提及;选项D：根据他的理论举例，文章并没有举例而是论述。故正确答案是选项B。

　　2.The purpose of Frederick’s experiment was to ( ).

　　A. prove that children are born with the ability to speak

　　B. discover what language a child would speak without hearing any human speech

　　C. find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching a child to speak

　　D. prove that a child could be damaged without learning a language

　　【答案】B。根据Frederick’s experiment定位至文章首段末句Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent.可知他想知道如果孩子听不到任何语言，他会说什么。选项A：证明孩子一出生就有语言能力;选项B：如果孩子听不到人类的讲话，他们会讲什么语言;选项C：发现在教孩子讲话的过程中悉心照料的重要性;选项D：证明孩子如果不去学习一门语言，就会成长受损。选项A、C、D均不是Frederick实验的目的，故正确答案是选项B。

　　3.The reason why some children are backward in speaking is most probably that ( ).

　　A. they are not able to learn language rapidly

　　B. they are exposed to too much language at once

　　C. their mothers do not respond enough to their attempts to speak

　　D. their mothers are not clever enough to help them

　　【答案】C。根据题干关键词backward in speaking可以定位到第三段第二句，从接下来第三句Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant可知有些孩子说话迟钝的原因往往是在婴儿大脑正处在快速吸收语言的时期，而母亲对婴儿的示意和信号无动于衷，故正确答案是选项C。

　　4.If a child starts to speak later than others, he will ( )in future.

　　A. have a high IQ

　　B. be less intelligent

　　C. be insensitive to verbal signals

　　D. not necessarily be backward

　　【答案】D。通过题干关键词speak later定位到第四段but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ可知有些孩子说话晚，但智商很高，所以未来未必落后于人。选项A：智商高，表述过于肯定，排除;选项B：不是很聪明，文中并未提及;选项C：对文字不敏感，未提及;选项D：不一定落后。故正确答案是选项D。

　　5.Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?

　　A. A child is born with the ability to speak.

　　B. A child’s brain has a complex system which helps to connect the sight and feel of an object.

　　C. A child can produce his own sentences.

　　D. A child owes his speech ability to good nursing.

　　【答案】D。选项关键词定位，A选项根据born with the ability to speak定位至倒数第二段首句Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak.可知正确;B选项根据根据第二句What is special about man’s brain…is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel…可知正确;C选项根据第三句the young brain’s ability to pick out an order in language…to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.可知正确;D选项内容文中没有提到，所以错误。故正确答案是选项D。

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