Passage 1

　　Americans shopping for a mattress online may find the selection at Casper, a New York-based mattress startup, somewhat lacking. Unlike brick-and-mortar shops, which offer dozens of models, the startup sells just three. And yet Casper’s customers are spoiled for choice at the till. Those who cannot afford to pay with a debit or credit card, or Pay Pal, can pay by instalments over six to 12 months. Those who make payments on time can enjoy the service free.

　　Such “point-of-sale” loans, which have been around for decades in one form or another, are becoming increasingly popular in America. Consumers who might previously have financed big-ticket purchases such as furniture, electronics or home-improvement projects with a credit card are now opting to borrow at the checkout, often with an initial 0% interest rate. These short-term credit products were once the domain of big banks like Wells Fargo, which finances consumer purchases, and Synchrony Financial, an issuer of store-branded credit cards. Now tech startups are entering the market with innovative techniques for underwriting and approving potential borrowers, often in seconds.

　　Some new entrants offer credit mainly through online merchants. Many target affluent youngsters with simple borrowing terms and partnerships with high-end brands. Affirm, an online lender based in San Francisco, was founded by Max Levchin, who co-founded Pay Pal. It has agreements with 1,500 online retailers, including Nest, which sells smart thermostats, and Peloton, which sells internet-connected exercise bikes.

　　Affirms loans, which typically range from $500 to $5,000, tend to carry higher interest rates than traditional credit cards. But the firm says borrowers end up paying less because they are not subject to hidden fees or compound interest, and have a set pay-off date. Its figures suggest that merchants using the service see revenue increase by 7-12% thanks to shopping baskets that are bigger and less likely to be abandoned before check out is complete.

　　Other lenders partner with brick-and-mortar sellers. Greensky, an Atlanta-based lender founded in 2006, arranges financing for home improvements, elective medical procedures and other pricey items. Rather than lend the money, it matches merchants like Home Depot with banks like Suntrust and Regions Financial to finance their loans. Loans are arranged face-to-face by the retailer or contractor making the sale, cutting the risk of fraud. Greensky, which makes money by charging fees to both merchants and banks, earned $326m in revenue and $139m in net income in 2017. It went public in May and is now valued at $3.5bn, making it America’s fourth most valuable fintech company.

　　Investor enthusiasm for online lenders can be fickle, however. Lendingclub and Ondeck Capital, two lenders that went public in 2014 promising to shake up the banking industry, have struggled with high sales-and-marketing costs, and difficulty finding cheap and stable funding for loans. Since its initial public offering. Lendingclub's share price has fallen by 82%; Ondeck's has dropped 76%. Neither company turned a profit in 2017. Greensky, which bills itself as a technology company rather than a lender, hopes to fare better by partnering with traditional banks rather than trying to beat them at their own game. That may not be as striking as the strategy of other fintech startups. But it has the advantage that it is already profitable.

　　Why did the author mention Casper, the mattress startup at the beginning of the passage?( )

　　A. To compare the mattress models provided at online shops and brick-and-mortar shops

　　B. To explain why the customers cannot afford the mattress at brick-and-mortar shops

　　C. To illustrate why customers are usually upset at the till

　　D. To give an example of instalment loans

　　【答案】D。细节题。根据题干当中关键词Casper, 以及beginning of the passage，可以定位至文章第一段。在第一段中，可以很快看到转折连词yet，那么看到yet后面的内容，“And yet Casper’s customers are spoiled for choice at the till. Those who cannot afford to pay with a debit or credit card, or Pay Pal, can pay by instalments over six to 12 months.”这里说到了Casper的顾客可以享受分期付款。并且从第二段开头第一句，“Such ‘point-of-sale’loans, which have been around for decades in one form or another,”也可以看出作者只是拿这个公司来举个分期贷款的例子。故本题选D。

　　Which of the following statements is true? ( )

　　A. Customers always used a credit card instead of debit card in the past

　　B. Traditional banks also provide short-term credit products

　　C. The customers pay by the instalment loans without interest

　　D. It usually takes tech startups several days to assess a potential borrower

　　【答案】B。是非题。从选项当中找关键词定位，D选项关键词potential borrower，定位至第二段最后一句“Now tech startups are entering the market with innovative techniques for underwriting and approving potential borrowers, often in seconds.”可以很明显的看到，原文当中说的是in seconds，仅仅几秒钟之内，并非选项当中的several days, 故排除D项。A选项表述错误，原文当中说到顾客过去使用信用卡和借记卡。C选项定位“are now opting to borrow at the checkout, often with an initial 0% interest rate.”，原文当中说的是信贷最开始是零利率，但没有说一直是零利率的。B项定位至“These short-term credit products were once the domain of big banks like Wells Fargo, which finances consumer purchases”，可知，传统的大型银行也提供短期信贷产品，故B项正确。

　　According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true about Affirm?( )

　　A. Nestand Peloton have partnerships with Affirm in terms of credit services.

　　B. Affirm’s loans cost the users more fees than credit cards

　　C. Most of Affirm’s partners are online retailers

　　D. Affirm does not charge customers compound interest

　　【答案】B。是非题。这道题题目当中提供了关键词Affirm, 定位至第三段和第四段，判断每个选项，A选项中，根据关键词Nestand Peloton定位至第三段的结尾句，“It has agreements with 1,500 online retailers, including Nest, which sells smart thermostats, and Peloton, which sells internet-connected exercise bikes.”，可知A选项表述正确。C选项中关键词online retailers定位至第三段首句，“Some new entrants offer credit mainly through online merchants.”，可知许多新兴公司与在线零售商合作，以及第三段中间提到的Affirm与1500家在线零售商合作，因此C项正确。D项根据关键词compound interest定位至第四段第二句but后面的内容，“But the firm says borrowers end up paying less because they are not subject to hidden fees or compound interest, and have a set pay-off date.“可知，这个新兴公司不向顾客收取利息的。B选项定位至第四段第一句，“Affirms loans, which typically range from $500 to $5,000, tend to carry higher interest rates than traditional credit cards.”可以判断，这个新兴公司的贷款要比信用卡收取更多的费用。故B选项正确。

　　Lendingclub and Ondeck Capital ( ).

　　A. have difficulty in reducing the costs

　　B. are both profitable in 2017.

　　C. are two tech startups which shook up the banking industry in 2014

　　D. enjoy higher share price this year.

　　【答案】A。细节题。根据题干当中关键词Lendingclub 和Ondeck Capital, 定位至文章最后一段。根据“Lendingclub and Ondeck Capital, two lenders that went public in 2014 promising to shake up the banking industry, have struggled with high sales-and-marketing costs, and difficulty finding cheap and stable funding for loans.”可以得知，这两家公司很难降低自己的成本，故选项A正确。B选项根据2017定位“Neither company turned a profit in 2017.”，选项与题干不符，原文说的是这两家公司在2017年都没有盈利。C项根据2014定位至Lendingclub and Ondeck Capital, two lenders that went public in 2014 promising to shake up the banking industry, 原文中只是说要承诺重组银行业，并不是已经成功重组了，故排除。D选项根据share定位“Lendingclub's share price has fallen by 82%; Ondeck's has dropped 76%.”，原文中只说了这两家公司股价下跌，并没有说要承受更高的股价。故选项A正确。

　　What is the author’s attitude towards Greensky in the passage? ( )

　　A. Uncertain

　　B. Critical

　　C. Supportive

　　D. Indifferent

　　【答案】C。态度题。首先，从题干入手，题干当中关键词Greensky, 以及author’sattitude，可以定位至文章最后两段。其次，从选项入手，可以直接排除掉A和D项，因为如果作者漠不关心，就不会长篇大论写这么多东西出来了;如果作者不确定，那这个文章是没有意义的，一篇文章没有明确的观点，就无法展开论述。从第五段当中，可以很清楚的看到作者一直在说Greensky好的方面，以及第六段结尾的几句话，重点内容在but后面，也在说Greensky的优势，因此作者的态度应该是支持的。故本题选C。

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